News for Healthier Living

Experts Highlight Science-Driven Approaches to Addiction

National Recovery Month, which began in 1989 and is observed in September, raises awareness of evidence-based approaches to treating addiction.

September 3, 2025

September 4 2025

• Mapping Thermal Risks: New Insights Into Safe Diazotization of 2-ANDSA
• Cancer Treatment Creates Special Bond for Johns Hopkins Children's Center Patient and His Sister
• Dietary Changes Could Provide a Therapeutic Avenue for Brain Cancer
• Digital Science Investigation Shows Millions of Taxpayers' Money Has Been Awarded to Researchers Associated with Fictitious Network
• ASTRO to Showcase Advances in Radiation Medicine and Cancer Research in 2025 Annual Meeting Press Program
• New Gel May Help Prevent Hair Loss During Chemotherapy, Early Research Finds
• Researchers Reveal Potential Molecular Link Between Air Pollutants and Increased Risk of Lewy Body Dementia
• Advanced Prostate Cancer Cases Rising as Fewer Men Are Screened, New Report Says
• Florida Plans to End All Vaccine Mandates
• The Brain-Heart Connection: Mayo Clinic Expert Explains Powerful Tie That Works Both Ways
• Spaceflight Accelerates Human Stem Cell Aging, UC San Diego Researchers Find
• How Stress and Social Struggles Fuel America's Obesity Crisis
• Study Shows How Smoking Drives Pancreatic Cancer
• Life Expectancy Is Plateauing, Won't Reach 100, Researchers Say
• Community Hospitals Failing To Transfer Injury Patients To Better Facilities
• Sugar Substitutes Could Be Bad For Brain Aging, Study Argues
• Daily Pill Might Help People With Stubborn High Blood Pressure
• Single-Dose Penicillin Effective Against Early Syphilis
• Saliva Might Keep Fruit Juice From Rotting Teeth, Study Says
• New AI Tool Addresses Accuracy and Fairness in Data to Improve Health Algorithms
• Healthy -- or Unhealthy -- Childhood Habits Could Shape Adult Habits
• New Study Links Grain Foods to Healthier Diet Patterns, Metabolic Health and Everyday Accessibility
• What to Know About the Medical Keto Diet for Epilepsy
• IRB Barcelona Researchers Uncover a New Strategy to Tackle Obesity by Activating Brown Fat

September 3 2025

• Rutgers and RWJBarnabas Health Study Finds Pocket Ultrasound Reduces Hospital Stays for Patients with Shortness of Breath
• Are Probiotics Worth the Cost to Prevent Infection After a Colon Removal Surgery?
• New Clinical Trial to Test Sensory Prostheses for People with Upper-Limb Loss
• The Medical Minute: I'm Cold, Bald, Flat and Bloated. What's Wrong? Blame Menopause
• Breaking Down Barriers to Support People Living with Obesity
• A New Paradigm for Understanding Social Cognition
• Delta-8 THC Use Highest Where Marijuana Is Illegal, Study Finds
• Every College Student Should Carry Naloxone - Expert Advice from RWJBarnabas Health
• How Mimicry and Manipulation Enable Bone Metastases
• 'Timekeeper' Shapes Body's Infection Defenses, UTSW Study Finds
• Researchers Identify Single Antibody Behind Life-Threatening Reaction to Common Blood Thinner
• Not So Sweet: Some Sugar Substitutes Linked to Faster Cognitive Decline
• Helping Your College-Bound Kids Head Back To School
• DermaRite Expands Recall of Creams and Sanitizers Over Infection Risk
• Wegovy Linked To Lower Heart Risks Than Similar Drugs, Study Shows
• Taylor Fresh Foods Issues Recall of Salad Kits Sold at Kroger, Walmart
• Sip Smarter: Apple Juice Effects on Oral Health Are Short-Lived, Study Suggests
• Mount Sinai Study Discovers Potential Link Between Stress and Type 2 Diabetes
• Children with Sickle Cell Disease Face Higher Risk of Dental Issues, Yet Many Don't Receive Needed Care
• Multicenter Study Shows U.S. Hospitals Vary Greatly in How They Define Blood Culture Contamination
• New Research Reveals a Link Between Excessive Alcohol and Fatty Liver Disease
• Experts Highlight Science-Driven Approaches to Addiction
• Kathy Coleman Commits Additional $3.5 Million to Fuel the Future of Clinical Trials at University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center
• It's Still Tough to Find a Key Anti-Opioid Treatment at U.S. Pharmacies
• One Dose of RSV Vaccine May Shield Older People for Two Seasons
• Chatbots Give Users 'Inconsistent' Info on Suicide, Study Finds
• Could Diabetes Drug Metformin Change Metal Levels in Your Blood?
• Study Casts Doubt on Use of Beta Blockers Post-Heart Attack, Especially for Women
• Tip Sheet: What Cancer Patients Need to Know About Tumor Markers, a New Cancer Genetics Atlas -- and Educational Programs for Students and Teachers
• Obtaining Prefrontal Cortex Biopsies During Deep Brain Stimulation Adds No Risk to Procedure
• The Nature of Cancer
• Liver-Directed Treatment Is Associated with Improved Survival and Increased Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma: Results From a Retrospective Multicenter Trial
• Machine Learning Modeling Identifies Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Subtypes with Genetic Signature
• Hyperosmolarity Promotes Macrophage Pyroptosis by Driving the Glycolytic Reprogramming of Corneal Epithelial Cells in Dry Eye Disease
• FERM Domain-Containing Protein FRMD6 Activates the mTOR Signaling Pathway and Promotes Lung Cancer Progression
• Dihydroartemisinin Increased the Abundance of Akkermansia Muciniphila by YAP1 Depression That Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy
• Evaluating Chatbot Accuracy in the Fast-Changing Blood Cancer Field
• Q&A: How Pediatric Cancer Care Is Changing--and What's Next
• "Most-Favored Nation" Drug Pricing Strategy May Backfire, New Research Warns
• Cleveland Clinic Finds Most Men Say Exercise Positively Impacts Their Mental Health, Confidence, and Sex Drive, but Nearly 1 in 3 Still Skip It

September 2 2025

• Researchers Find Medicaid Is Crucial to Access Treatment for Opioid Addiction
• Shampoo-Like Gel Could Help Chemo Patients Keep Their Hair
• Back-to-School Anxiety: Easing Into a New Environment
• Advances in Ultrasound Drive Gains in Prenatal Heart Defect Detection, But Regional Gaps Remain
• New Charts for Artery Stiffness Could Flag Heart Risk Long Before Symptoms
• Johns Hopkins Investigators Create New Urine-based Test to ID Prostate Cancers
• FDA Approves Subcutaneous Leqembi for Treatment of Early Alzheimer Disease
• Molecule Shows Promise for MASH, Endometriosis, and Other Chronic Diseases
• Bristol PhD Researcher on Personal Mission to Help Detect Breast Cancer Early Invents Temperature-Sensing Patch
• Little-Known Heat Health Risk: Kidney Stones
• Quantum Brilliance, ORNL Pioneer Quantum-Classical Hybrid Computing
• Few Women Participate in Studies for Common Cardiac Conditions
• California Program Successfully Scales Emergency Department Addiction Treatment Statewide
• Jim O’Neill Steps in as Acting CDC Chief Amid Firing, Resignations
• CVS, Walgreens Limit COVID Vaccines in Some States as Rules Shift
• Gordon Ramsay Reveals Skin Cancer Diagnosis, Urges Folks To Use Sunscreen
• A Prelude to a Cure: How One Man's Courage is Redefining the Fight Against Prostate Cancer
• Shorter, Less Intense Radiation-Chemo Regimen Effective for HPV-Linked Oropharyngeal Cancer, Mayo Study Shows
• Illinois Researchers Unlock New Insights Into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
• Immune Molecule Long Tied to Inflammation May Benefit the Aging Brain
• New ACS Prostate Cancer Statistics Report: Late-Stage Incidence Rates Continue to Increase Rapidly as Mortality Declines Slow
• What Retina Specialists Want You to Know About Protecting Vision As You Age
• Heart Failure Strikes Black Americans Almost 14 Years Earlier Than White Americans
• New Law Curbed 'Surprise' Medical Bills For Patients, Cut Out-Of-Pocket Costs
• Most Don't Know Prostate Cancer Can Be a Silent Killer, Poll Finds
• ADHD Drugs Often Prescribed Too Early To Preschoolers
• Feel the Beat: Music Might Help Regulate Blood Pressure
• 'Reborn Again': Blind Bride-To-Be Thriving After Triple-Organ Transplant
• New Genetic Biomarker Flags Aggressive Brain Tumors
• Scientists Discover the Brain Signaling That Sets Parkinson's Disease Apart From Essential Tremor
• Pioneering Strategy May Keep Breast Cancer From Coming Back
• Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment Contributes to Tumor Progression in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Upon Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Therapy
• Host Protection Against Omicron BA.2.2 Sublineages by Prior Vaccination in Spring 2022 COVID-19 Outbreak in Shanghai
• Control of Lupus Activity During Pregnancy via the Engagement of Igg Sialylation: Novel Crosstalk Between IgG Sialylation and pDC Functions
• Blinded by Childhood Cancer, Bride-to-Be Gets New Chance at Life with Rare Triple-Organ Transplant at Northwestern Medicine

September 1 2025

• Personalized Risk Messages Fail to Boost Colorectal Cancer Screening Participation
• Report Highlights the Value of Editorial Oversight and Peer Review in Clinical Trial Reporting
• Study Sheds Light on How Pediatric Brain Tumors Grow
• New Artificial Intelligence Model Accurately Identifies Which Atrial Fibrillation Patients Need Blood Thinners to Prevent Stroke
• Testosterone's Hidden Role in Aging, Heart, and Mind
• Penile Implant Satisfaction Drops in Prostate Cancer Patients on Hormonal Treatment
• Mapping Fluid Reservoir Dynamics in Scleral Lens Wear
• Genetic Analysis Links Prostate Cancer to Urothelial Carcinoma Risk
• MicroRNA Panels Pave New Path for Precision Prostate Cancer Care
• Nurses Offer Insights Into Caring for ICU Patients With Intellectual Developmental Disabilities

August 31 2025

• Toxic Algae in Lakes Can Kill Pets Within Minutes, Expert Warns
• Saying YES to Careers in Oncology

August 30 2025

• Labor Day Mission: Build Social Ties Through Live Events
• One Shot of RSV Vaccine Effective Against Hospitalization in Older Adults for Two Seasons
• Beta Blockers, the Standard Treatment After a Heart Attack, May Offer No Benefit for Heart Attack Patients and Women Can Have Worse Outcomes

August 29 2025

• SLU Study Highlights Pickleball's Safety for Overweight Players, Ideal for Weight Control
• Uncovering Links Between Depression and Hypertension in African Populations
• New CT-Based Model Enhances Accuracy in Maize Endosperm Segmentation
• Should I Get My Child Circumcised?
• Polarization Around Vaccine Hesitancy Was 12 Times Greater Than Past Outbreaks, Study Finds
• Examining the Impact of Treating and Preventing Obesity to Prevent Obesity-Related Conditions
• At Least 95 Sickened in Salmonella Outbreak Linked To Recalled Eggs
• CDC Scales Back Foodborne Illness Tracking
• Louisiana Oysters Linked to Deadly Vibrio Outbreak, Officials Warn
• UCLA Scientists Develop Off-the-Shelf Immunotherapy for Metastatic Kidney Cancer
• Mount Sinai-Duke University Study Identifies DNA Variants That Increase Testosterone Production in PCOS Patients
• Shingles Vaccine Might Protect Against Heart Attack, Stroke
• Hormone Therapy For Menopause Might Provide Memory Boost
• Good Sleep, Eating Right Tied To Better Mental Well-Being Among Young Adults
• Skipping Breakfast? Beware Broken Bones, Study Says
• Plant-Based Diet Protects Against Multiple Chronic Illnesses
• Common Pain Meds Could Be Contributing To Antibiotic Resistance
• Drones and Deep Learning Boost Soybean Breeding with 3D Canopy Insights
• Glycan Codes in the Kidney: The Role of Glycosylation in Disease

August 28 2025

• Cells 'vomit' waste to promote healing, mouse study reveals
• Breast Reconstruction Preferences Among African American Women - New Data From Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Unveiling the Molecular Mechanism of Vision Using Ultrafast X-ray Pulses
• Roswell Park Study Reveals New Clues to Pancreatic Cancer Spread -- and a Possible Way to Stop It
• 'Young' Immune Cells Could Treat Alzheimer's, Aging Symptoms
• Back to School: How Screen Time Affects Children's Developing Brains
• Illinois Analysis Aims to Ease GI Symptoms for Cancer Patients
• New Research Involving CHLA Neurologists Explores Prevention Strategies for a Severe Neurological Complication Associated with the Flu
• Researchers Train AI to Diagnose Heart Failure in Rural Patients Using Low-Tech Electrocardiograms
• Vertigo-Free Pirouettes: It's All in the Dancer's Head
• Student Research Explores Mental Health for Law Enforcement
• Removing Barriers for Young People With Disabilities
• Mount Sinai Researchers Use AI and Lab Tests to Predict Genetic Disease Risk
• CDC Director Susan Monarez Fired Less Than a Month Into Role
• FDA Approves Updated COVID Vaccines, but Fewer People Will Be Eligible
• School Connection May Protect Teens From Depression Linked To Bullying
• New Blood Test for ALS Detects Early Signs Years Before Symptoms Appear
• Cleveland Clinic Research Finds Injectable Obesity Medications Associated with Reduced Risk for Eye Inflammation
• The Brain's Activity at Rest May Provide Clues to Alzheimer's Disease Progression, Diagnosis
• Study Identifies Key Features of Cancer Cell Response and Resistance to Treatment
• Data Science Uncovers Patterns in Health Service Use Linked to Child Mortality
• A Sense Of Purpose Can Protect Brain Health In Aging
• Fatty Foods Might Contribute To Childhood Asthma
• CPR In Space? Best Method Identified, Researchers Say
• Middle-Aged Folks At Risk For Irregular Heartbeat, Especially If They Don't Work Out
• GLP-1 Drugs Are Good For Climate Change, Heart Study Says
• Why Cheap Cigarettes From Other States Are a Costly Problem for New York City
• Diet, Exercise Protect Liver Health From Alcohol Damage, Study Says
• People Who Skip Breakfast and Eat Late Dinners May Have a Higher Risk of Osteoporosis
• Why Implants Fail
• Fall Allergy Symptoms Are Similar to Spring and Summer - and Can Hit as Hard
• First Global Guidelines for Pregnancy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Developed
• Cracking the KRAS Code: New Hope for Pancreatic Cancer Patients

August 27 2025

• A New Computational Tool Maps Genome Change, Helping Researchers See DNA in 3D
• New Editorial Explores the Double-Edged Sword of AI Scribes in Health Care
• A Stunning First Look at the Viruses Inside Us
• Light Pills Could Transform Understanding of How the Gut Controls the Body
• New Research Reveals Longevity Gains Slowing, Life Expectancy of 100 Unlikely
• AI Analysis of Colonoscopy Improves Assessment of Crohn's Disease
• UWF Receives $32.5 Million Triumph Grant to Advance Cybersecurity and Computational Research
• One in Seven Bariatric Surgery Patients Turn to New Weight Loss Drugs
• Rewiring Addiction With Designer Proteins
• How to Respond to an Opioid Overdose: Expert Advice from RWJBarnabas Health
• Many Patients with Advanced Cancer Feel Their Treatment Is Not Aligned with Their Personal Care Goals
• First Enzyme-Targeting Drug Reverses Liver Damage in MASH
• Stroke Risk Highest Among Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander People
• Hormone Therapy Type Matters for Memory Performance After Menopause
• Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Researchers Link Dietary Fats to More Severe Form of Asthma
• Be it Feast or Famine, Orangutans Adapt With Flexible Diets
• New GLP-1 Pill Helps People Lose 23 Pounds in Study
• CDC's Anti-Smoking Ads Set to End After 13 Years
• Spring Into Health: UniSA's Healthy Choices Program Drives Real Change
• UCLA Scientists Uncover Brain Network Controlling Stress and Social Behavior in Mice
• Housing Aid Linked to Lower Medical Financial Hardship Among U.S. Renters with Cancer
• Half of Critically Injured Patients First Seen at Level III or Non-Trauma Centers are Never Transferred to Necessary Higher-Level Care
• Test Detects Brain Cancers in Cerebrospinal Fluid with High Accuracy
• Next-Generation 'Molecular Scissors' May Offer Hope for Chronic Hepatitis B Sufferers
• Drowning In Chaos? A New Mindset Can Protect Against Depression, Stress
• Heart Patients Urged To Seek Vaccination For Common Infectious Diseases
• More Women In Study Reveals Heart Risk For Men
• Child Gun Wounds More Common In Poor Neighborhoods
• Breath Test For Diabetes Under Development
• Talk Therapy Alters Brain Structure, MRI Scans Show
• Smart Biosensors That Bend, Stretch, and Sense
• The Clinical Impact of Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients with a Biatrial Orthotopic Heart Transplant
• Aldolase B Attenuates Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression by Inhibiting CtBP2
• Venous Thromboembolism in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in China: A Report From the Chinese Children's Cancer Group-ALL-2015
• Potential Unreliability of ALK Variant Allele Frequency in the Efficacy Prediction of Targeted Therapy in NSCLC

August 26 2025

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Can Alter Brain Structure and Boost Grey Matter Volume, Study Shows
• Mount Sinai Scientists Identify Three Potent Human Antibodies Against Mpox, Paving the Way for New Protective Therapies
• Beyond Hospital Walls: Cedars-Sinai's Community Health Workers
• The Experts' Guide to Safely Pumping, Storing And Thawing Breast Milk
• Statistical Dietary Exposure Tools Help Managers Protect Health
• U.S. Resident Diagnosed With Rare Screwworm Parasite After Travel
• Pig Lung Transplanted Into Man for 9 Days in Groundbreaking Study
• Common Painkillers Linked to Antibiotic Resistance
• Roswell Park Leads Largest-Ever Genomic Study of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African American Women
• New Hope for Osteoarthritis: Upstate Offers Gentle Radiation Therapy
• Overweight Older Adults Face Lower Risk of Death After Major Surgery
• Advancing Therapies for Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Genetic Study Yields Personalized Therapeutics for a Rare Skin Disorder
• Study Ties Genetics and Common Anticoagulant to Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage
• How HIV Uses T Cells to Hide in the Gut
• Future Dentists Don White Coats, Embrace Mission to Serve Our Borderplex
• Many Cancer Patients Say Doctors Aren't Honoring Their Treatment Desires
• Firearm-Related Suicides Increasing Among Senior Women
• Mediterranean Diet Can Protect Against Type 2 Diabetes
• 2 In 3 Women Have A Lifestyle Risk Factor For Birth Defects
• It Takes About A Year To Get Epilepsy Under Control For Most, Study Says
• U.S. Justice Department Subpoenas Health Records of Young Transgender Patients
• Reimagining Vision: Redefining Eye Treatment for a Healthier Future
• Tribological Behavior of Tool-Workpiece Interface During Milling of Ultra-High Strength Steel Under Different Cooling Conditions
• Stable Blood Pressure Does Not Free Everyone of Cardiovascular Risk, New Study Finds
• A Novel Variant in the GJB6 Gene in a Large Chinese Family with a Unique Phenotype of Clouston Syndrome
• lncR-GAS5 Upregulates the Splicing Factor SRSF10 to Impair Endothelial Autophagy, Leading to Atherogenesis

August 25 2025

• Kids In Disadvantaged ZIP Codes Face Up To 20 Times Higher Odds of Gun Injuries
• Mount Sinai Scientists Create AI-Powered Tool to Improve Cancer Tissue Analysis
• New AI Tool Reveals How Drugs Kill Tuberculosis
• Study Links Placental Anomalies to Smaller Brains in Congenital Heart Disease
• New Metric for Hospital Quality: How Many Older Adults Go to a Post-Acute Care Facility After Surgery
• Research Uncovers Why IBD Causes Blood Clots--and How to Prevent Them
• Having a Sense of Purpose May Protect Against Dementia
• Generative AI Uncovers Undetected Bird Flu Exposure Risks in Maryland Emergency Departments
• High Concentration THC Associated with Schizophrenia, Psychosis, and Other Unfavorable Mental Health Outcomes
• Mediterranean Diet Combined with Physical Activity and Weight Loss Cuts Diabetes Risk by 31%
• Study Suggests Large Amount of Unnecessary Testing for Long Term Toxicity Monitoring in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
• NYC Legionnaires' Outbreak: 6 Deaths, 112 Cases
• Over 32,000 Pounds of Meat Recalled Over False USDA Inspection Labels
• Mississippi Declares Public Health Emergency Over Infant Deaths
• University of Maryland School of Medicine Researchers Detail Reliable Measurement for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Using Focused Ultrasound
• Molecular 'Brake' in Brain Development Could Hold Key to Treating Multiple Sclerosis
• Community Health Workers Can Help Minority Kids Access ADHD Care
• Most Pain Patients Quit Medical Weed Within A Year, Study Says
• Brain Map Explains Phantom Limb Pain, Hints At Improved Prosthetics
• Hidden Fat Deposits Accelerate Heart Aging, Study Says
• Newly Published Paper Unveils Breakthrough Enzyme That Expands Possibilities for Peptide Drug Discovery
• Annual Mental Health Screenings Recommended For U.S. Youth
• Different Impulsive Traits Carry Different Risks for Harmful Alcohol Use, Personalized Treatment
• Breakthrough in 3D-Printed Scaffolds Offers Hope for Spinal Cord Injury Recovery
• Mayo Clinic AI Tool Finds Early Signs of Blood Mutations Linked to Cancer and Heart Disease
• Can You Pass This Eye Health and Safety Test?
• Assessing Severe Surgical Complications from Cesarean Deliveries
• Dynamic Duo: A Powerful Pair of Tools to Learn About Cells

August 24 2025

• Where Would Planting Trees Help Most With Global Warming?

August 23 2025

• Roll Up Your Sleeve: Flu Shot Season is At Hand
• Study on Monitoring Alcohol Use in Primary Care Patients Finds Cutting Alcohol Use Linked to Reduced Hospital Visits for Mental Health Treatment
• Alcohol Use Disorder is Profoundly Under-Treated During and After Pregnancy, Leaving Parents and Infants At Risk
• Alcohol Withdrawal Therapy Linked to Healthy Changes in the Gut Microbiome, Raising the Possibility of New Targets for Treating Alcohol Use Disorder
• FDA Approves Papzimeos for Adults With Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

August 22 2025

• Study Links Male Alcohol Misuse to Mutual Partner Violence, Injury
• Remote Work Spurs Grassroots Environmental Action in New York City
• Epigenetic Noise: Unappreciated Process Helps Cells Change Identity
• Revolutionary Plug-and-Play CAR-T Cell Therapy Could Transform Cancer Immunotherapy
• Fatal Snakebite at Tennessee Park Highlights Risks in the Wild
• More Frozen Shrimp Recalled Amid Contamination Fears
• New Data Offer Insight Into Health Spending Among Children With Autism
• Moffitt Study Finds Lymphoma Accelerates Aging of Immune Cells and Tissues
• Poor Sleep Tied To Self-Harm Among Teens
• Green Spaces Provided Pandemic Protection Against Depression, Study Says
• Red Meat Might Increase Risk Of Potentially Deadly Abdominal Aneurysm
• COVID-19 Linked To Asthma, Seasonal Allergies
• Analysis Helps Vets Predict Dog Health Problems
• Keep Breast Milk Safe: Tips for Handling, Storing, and Thawing
• Artery-Blocking Procedure Relieves Knee Arthritis Pain
• Brain Neurons Are Responsible for Day-to-Day Control of Blood Sugar
• Genetic Study Suggests Ways to Catch Blood Cancer Earlier
• Animal Protein Not Linked to Higher Mortality Risk, Study Finds
• New Few-Shot Learning Model Enhances Crop Disease Recognition Accuracy
• Researchers Coin 'Rumpelstiltskin Effect' to Describe Healing Power of Diagnosis